The CPC Central Committee and the State Council have issued the “Strategic Plan for Expanding Domestic Demand (2022–2035).”

　　BEIJING, Dec. 14 (Xinhua) — Recently, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued the Outline of the Strategy for Expanding Domestic Demand (2022–2035) and circulated a notice calling on all regions and departments to conscientiously implement it in light of their specific circumstances.

　　The main contents of the “Strategic Plan for Expanding Domestic Demand (2022–2035)” are as follows.

　　Firmly implementing the strategy of expanding domestic demand and fostering a comprehensive domestic demand system is an inevitable choice for accelerating the establishment of a new development pattern in which the domestic circulation plays the leading role and the domestic and international circulations reinforce each other; it is also a strategic decision aimed at promoting China’s long-term development and enduring stability. To advance the implementation of the strategy of expanding domestic demand, this Planning Outline has been formulated in accordance with the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China and the Long-Range Objectives Through 2035.

　　 I. Planning Background

　　 (1) China’s efforts to expand domestic demand have yielded significant results.

　　Since the launch of reform and opening-up, and particularly since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China has, while deeply engaging in the international division of labor, continuously raised the quality of domestic supply, vigorously stimulated domestic demand, and fostered a robust domestic market, thereby significantly strengthening the role of domestic demand as a key driver of economic growth.

　　The fundamental role of consumption continues to strengthen. Final consumption expenditure has accounted for more than 50% of GDP for 11 consecutive years. Traditional spending on housing and transportation has grown markedly, with per capita residential floor space in urban areas steadily increasing, and new‑car sales ranking first globally for 13 consecutive years. New forms and models of consumption are expanding rapidly: in 2021, online retail sales of physical goods represented 24.5% of total retail sales of consumer goods, while per capita spending on services accounted for 44.2% of total per capita consumption expenditure.

　　The pivotal role of investment has been further enhanced. China’s gross capital formation as a share of GDP has remained at an appropriate level, providing strong support for optimizing the supply structure and fostering steady economic growth. Infrastructure development has been comprehensively upgraded, with nationwide integrated transport corridors rapidly being connected and a number of major water‑conservancy projects completed and put into operation. The construction of new‑type infrastructure, such as 5G networks, has accelerated, significant progress has been made in major science and technology projects, and investment in high‑tech industries has continued to grow at a robust pace. Meanwhile, shortcomings and weak links in areas such as healthcare, ecological and environmental protection, agriculture and rural development, and education have been swiftly addressed.

　　The domestic market’s operating mechanisms have continued to improve. Efforts to build a high-standard market system have been accelerated, the “delegation, regulation, and service” reform has deepened, and the business environment has steadily improved. Key reforms—such as market-based allocation of production factors and the property rights system—have advanced in an orderly manner; the circulation system has been strengthened; the social security system has been gradually refined; and a basic public services framework that integrates urban and rural areas is taking shape more rapidly, effectively boosting market vitality.

　　International and domestic markets are more closely interconnected. China’s GDP has surpassed 110 trillion yuan, making it the world’s second-largest consumer market, which has driven a sustained expansion in import volumes and continuous structural improvements. International economic and trade cooperation has advanced steadily, with notable progress in building high‑level platforms for opening up. China has become one of the most attractive destinations for foreign investment, with the quality of utilized foreign capital continuously improving, further promoting coordinated development and mutually beneficial outcomes between the Chinese market and global markets.

　 　(II) Significant Significance

　　Implementing the strategy of expanding domestic demand is a practical necessity for fulfilling the people’s aspirations for a better life. As China’s economy transitions from a phase of high-speed growth to one of high-quality development, both the requirements and the conditions for development have taken on new characteristics. In particular, the public’s pursuit of a better life has shifted overall from “having or not” to “how good it is,” exhibiting diversification, multi‑level dimensions, and multifaceted features. To resolve the contradiction between the people’s ever‑growing needs for a better life and the imbalances and inadequacies in development, we must steadfastly implement the strategy of expanding domestic demand—consolidating our foundations, leveraging our strengths, addressing our weaknesses, and reinforcing our areas of vulnerability. By increasing the supply of high‑quality goods and services, we can meet the needs of the people, promote well‑rounded human development and comprehensive social progress, and foster a virtuous cycle between supply and demand at a higher level.

　　Implementing the strategy of expanding domestic demand is a proactive choice that fully leverages the advantages of our ultra-large-scale market. A major economy is characterized by domestic demand as its primary driver. The domestic market serves as both a pillar of economic growth and a key component of social well-being, providing essential support for sustained development. Over more than four decades of reform and opening-up, China’s economy has achieved rapid and steady growth, gradually building an ultra-large-scale market advantage in areas such as market demand, industrial systems, human resources, and both hard and soft infrastructure, thereby laying a solid foundation for cultivating a comprehensive domestic demand system. To further harness the strengths of this ultra-large-scale market, we must steadfastly pursue the strategy of expanding domestic demand, boost household consumption and effective investment, enhance the resilience of economic development, and promote sustained, healthy economic growth.

　　Implementing the strategy of expanding domestic demand is an imperative response to the profound changes in the international environment. The world is undergoing a major transformation unseen in a century, with a deep adjustment in the balance of international power, the far-reaching and pervasive impact of the COVID‑19 pandemic, and growing imbalances and uncertainties in global economic growth. Meanwhile, unilateralism, protectionism, and hegemonism pose threats to world peace and development. In the face of this complex and challenging external environment, we must steadfastly pursue the strategy of expanding domestic demand, leveraging our own stable development to effectively address external risks and challenges.

　　Implementing the strategy of expanding domestic demand is a crucial pillar for promoting economic circulation more efficiently. Building the new development pattern hinges on ensuring that economic circulation remains unimpeded. To make the domestic major circulation smoother, we must steadfastly pursue the strategy of expanding domestic demand, unblock bottlenecks in economic flows, and consolidate the domestic foundation. Likewise, to achieve mutual reinforcement between domestic and international dual circulations, we must remain committed to this strategy, better leverage the vast domestic market, make effective use of global factors and market resources, and more efficiently connect domestic and international markets, thereby fostering a higher‑level domestic major circulation.

　　 (III) Opportunities and Challenges

　　As China enters a new stage of development, the foundations of its domestic market have become more robust, and the environmental conditions for implementing the strategy of expanding domestic demand have undergone profound changes. Looking ahead, the feature of the domestic market leading the national economic cycle will become even more pronounced; consumption has emerged as the primary driver of China’s economic growth. With the optimization and upgrading of household consumption increasingly integrated with modern technology and advanced modes of production, China—already the world’s most promising consumer market—will continue to grow and strengthen. At present, China is undergoing rapid progress in new‑type industrialization, informatization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization. Compared with developed countries, there remains substantial room for investment across many sectors, endowing the country with enormous potential for investment demand. Meanwhile, the institutional strengths of socialism with Chinese characteristics are evident, macroeconomic governance capabilities are steadily improving, and ongoing reform and innovation are continuously generating new momentum for development. Efforts to accelerate the construction of a unified national market are gaining traction, the institutional framework for the circulation of goods and production factors is continually being refined, and the quality and allocation efficiency of China’s production factors have improved markedly, further broadening the scope of the domestic market.

　　At the same time, it must be recognized that expanding domestic demand in China still faces numerous constraints. Tightening supply of key factors such as labor, land, and the environment is curbing investment growth; innovation capacity remains insufficient to meet the requirements of high-quality development; and the public’s growing demand for personalized and diversified consumption continues to go largely unmet. Significant disparities persist across urban–rural areas and regions, income distribution remains uneven, and risks in fiscal and financial systems cannot be overlooked. Moreover, institutional and systemic bottlenecks that hinder the full realization of domestic demand’s potential remain substantial. Meanwhile, international competition is intensifying, making the task of transforming China into a global “magnetic field” attracting high‑end resources and factors of production an arduous one.

　　Overall, China’s efforts to expand domestic demand are encountering both new developments and evolving challenges, with opportunities generally outweighing risks. It is imperative to steadfastly implement the strategy of expanding domestic demand, accurately grasp the underlying trends in the domestic market, act proactively, capitalize on advantages while mitigating risks, seize opportunities amid crises, and forge new pathways amid changing circumstances. By continuously unlocking the potential of domestic demand and fully leveraging its driving force, we can build a stronger domestic market and promote the steady, healthy, and sustainable development of China’s economy.

　 　II. General Requirements

　　 (4) Guiding Principles

　　Guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, we will uphold the overarching principle of seeking progress while ensuring stability, ground ourselves in the new stage of development, fully, accurately, and comprehensively implement the new development philosophy, and forge a new development pattern. With promoting high-quality development as our central theme, deepening supply-side structural reform as the main thread, and innovation and reform as the fundamental driving force, we will strive to meet the people’s ever-growing aspirations for a better life. Adhering to a systems‑based approach, we will better balance development and security, firmly grasp the strategic pivot of expanding domestic demand, accelerate the cultivation of a comprehensive domestic demand system, strengthen demand‑side management, foster a robust domestic market, ensure the smooth flow of the domestic economic circulation, and promote positive interactions between domestic and international dual circulations. In doing so, we will steer China’s economy toward steady and sustained progress, safeguard social stability and harmony, and lay a solid foundation for the all‑round building of a modern socialist country.

　　 (5) Principles of Work

　　— Uphold the leadership of the Party and leverage institutional strengths. Fully harness the Party’s core leadership role in overseeing the overall situation and coordinating all parties, implement its requirements of setting the direction, planning the big picture, formulating policies, and promoting reform, and integrate Party leadership into every stage of implementing the strategy to expand domestic demand. By drawing on the distinctive advantages of China’s national system and governance structure, we will provide a fundamental guarantee for the successful implementation of this strategy.

　　— Uphold the people-centered stance and enhance the well-being of the people. Adhering to a people‑centric approach, we will take meeting the people’s ever‑growing aspirations for a better life as both the starting point and the ultimate goal of expanding domestic demand. We will ensure that development is for the people, relies on the people, and its fruits are shared by the people, steadily advance common prosperity, and continuously strengthen the people’s sense of gain, happiness, and security.

　　— Uphold top-level design and serve the overarching national strategy. Adhering to the strategic cornerstone of expanding domestic demand, we will leverage innovation-driven development and high-quality supply to lead and generate new demand, ensuring that the expansion of domestic demand serves as a key pillar in building a new development paradigm. We will advance transformations in quality, efficiency, and growth drivers, and foster a dynamic balance between supply and demand at a higher level.

　　— Uphold reform and opening-up, and bolster endogenous momentum. Unswervingly harness reform to unlock and stimulate market potential, integrate an efficient market with a proactive government, give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, and enhance the government’s role in guiding economic development. Remove institutional and systemic barriers that constrain domestic demand growth, continuously improve the efficiency of factor allocation and product circulation, and, at the same time, pursue a higher‑level opening-up, fully leveraging high‑end international resources and factors to sustainably invigorate the domestic market.

　　— Uphold a systems-based approach and strengthen coordinated, efficient governance. Enhance forward-looking thinking, holistic planning, strategic deployment, and integrated implementation; accelerate the development of a comprehensive domestic demand system; and strike a balanced relationship among key factors—supply and demand, consumption and investment, domestic and external demand, quantity and quality, domestic and international considerations, speed and efficiency, equity and effectiveness, as well as development and security. Act to the best of our ability while remaining within our means, so as to achieve unity across the dimensions of development quality, structure, scale, pace, efficiency, and security, thereby ensuring that expanding domestic demand becomes a sustainable, long-term process.

　 　(6) Development Goals

　　In line with the strategic plan for building a modern socialist country in all respects, looking ahead to 2035, the long-term vision for implementing the strategy of expanding domestic demand is as follows: consumption and investment will reach new heights, and a fully integrated domestic demand system will be established; new‑type industrialization, informatization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization will be basically achieved; significant progress will be made in building a robust domestic market; major breakthroughs will be attained in critical core technologies; and the domestic circulation—driven by innovation and powered by domestic demand—will become more efficient and unimpeded. People’s lives will be even better, with per capita incomes of both urban and rural residents rising to new levels, the middle‑income group expanding markedly, basic public services becoming more equitable, and the gaps in development between urban and rural areas and among residents significantly narrowed, thus achieving more tangible and substantive progress toward common prosperity for all. The role of reform in supporting domestic demand will be substantially strengthened, the high‑standard market system will be further improved, and a modern circulation system will be fully put in place. China’s capacity to participate in global economic cooperation and competition will continue to grow, and the international influence of the domestic market will be greatly enhanced.

　　With the 2035 vision as our guiding framework and taking into account both the development environment and conditions, the primary objectives of implementing the strategy to expand domestic demand during the 14th Five-Year Plan period are:

　　— Boosting consumption and investment, with domestic demand reaching a new milestone. The fundamental role of consumption and the pivotal role of investment have been further strengthened. Domestic demand has maintained steady and sound growth, with marked improvements in quality and efficiency; the advantages of an ultra-large-scale market have been fully leveraged, making the domestic market even more robust, and significant progress has been made in fostering a comprehensive domestic demand system.

　　— The distribution framework has been refined, and the potential of domestic demand continues to be unleashed. The income distribution structure has improved markedly, with the development gaps between urban and rural areas and among regions, as well as the disparities in living standards, gradually narrowing. Per capita disposable income has grown in real terms at a pace broadly in line with economic growth. The level of equal access to basic public services has continued to rise, the multi-tiered social security system has become more robust, and social programs have accelerated.

　　— Supply quality has been enhanced, and domestic demand is better met. Significant progress has been made in supply-side structural reform: agriculture has become more resilient; the share of manufacturing has remained broadly stable; the development of modern services has been accelerated; the foundations for the real economy have been further strengthened; the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries have gained momentum; new industries and business models are expanding at a faster pace; innovation capacity has improved markedly; the sophistication of industrial foundations and the modernization of industrial chains have advanced significantly; and the supply system’s ability to meet domestic demand continues to strengthen.

　　— The market system has been improved, yielding significant results in boosting domestic demand. A high-standard market system characterized by unified openness, orderly competition, sound institutions, and robust governance has been essentially established. The flow of goods and production factors across urban and rural areas as well as among regions has become smoother; major progress has been made in reforming the property rights system and advancing market-based allocation of production factors; the business environment continues to improve; the framework for fair competition has been further refined; and a modern circulation system has been put in place and strengthened.

　　— Ensuring smooth economic circulation and continuously improving the efficiency of domestic demand. A new, higher‑level open economy has essentially taken shape, further deepening China’s economic cooperation with neighboring regions and steadily enhancing its role in driving both regional and global economic development.

　 　(7) Key Tasks

　　Adhering to a problem‑oriented approach, and with the goal of promoting high‑quality development, we will address the major challenges facing China’s medium- and long‑term efforts to expand domestic demand—particularly bottlenecks and sticking points such as insufficient effective supply capacity, significant income and wealth disparities, an underdeveloped modernization of the distribution system, an incomplete consumer‑related institutional framework, and the need to further optimize the investment structure—by formulating and implementing key tasks under the strategy for expanding domestic demand.

　　Accelerate the development of a comprehensive domestic demand system. Integrate the implementation of the strategy to expand domestic demand with the deepening of supply-side structural reform, and extend the domestic demand framework across the entire production–distribution–circulation–consumption–investment reproduction chain. Foster a fully integrated domestic demand system that comprises enhancing supply quality, optimizing the distribution structure, improving the circulation system, comprehensively boosting consumption, and expanding investment opportunities.

　　Promote the development of a robust domestic market. Focus on unlocking the potential of domestic demand, particularly by advancing new‑type urbanization and fostering coordinated development between urban and rural areas as well as among regions, thereby further expanding the scale of the domestic market. By optimizing the market structure, improving market mechanisms, invigorating market dynamism, and enhancing market resilience, we will strengthen the domestic market, ensure its steady growth, and continuously enhance its international influence.

　　Support the smooth functioning of the domestic economic cycle. Further promote the organic integration and cyclical flow of various production factors, fostering a virtuous domestic economic cycle characterized by increased output and services, accumulated social wealth, enhanced public well-being, and strengthened national strength. Underpinned by a robust domestic economic cycle, we will vigorously advance high-standard opening-up, cultivate an “attraction field” for high-end international factors and resources, and better connect domestic and international markets. By leveraging international circulation, we will elevate the efficiency and quality of the domestic major circulation, thereby achieving mutual reinforcement and coordinated progress between domestic and international dual circulations.

　　 III. Comprehensively promote consumption and accelerate its quality improvement and upgrading.

　　Final consumption is a sustained driver of economic growth. In line with the trend of consumption upgrading, we will enhance traditional consumption, foster new forms of consumption, expand service‑related spending, and appropriately increase public consumption, with a strong focus on meeting consumers’ demands for personalized, diversified, and high‑quality goods and services.

　　 (8) Continuously boost traditional consumption.

　　Enhance the quality of basic consumption items such as food and clothing. Strengthen guidance, reinforce oversight, and support innovation to expand the supply of high-quality essential goods, while promoting the production of both domestic and export‑bound products on the same lines, with identical standards and quality. Advocate for a healthy dietary pattern, increase the availability of wholesome, nutritious agricultural products and foods, and foster the sound development of the catering industry. Remain steadfast in curbing food waste.

　　Unleash the potential of consumer spending on travel. Optimize urban transportation network planning and vigorously develop smart mobility. Shift automobile consumption from purchase‑based management to usage‑based management. Advance the electrification, connectivity, and intelligentization of vehicles, and strengthen the development of supporting infrastructure such as parking facilities, charging stations, battery‑swap stations, and hydrogen refueling stations. Facilitate the trade of used cars.

　　Promote the healthy development of residential consumption. Uphold the principle that “housing is for living in, not for speculation,” strengthen expectations management in the real estate market, explore new development models, and accelerate the establishment of a housing system characterized by diversified supply, multiple channels of support, and both rental and purchase options. Steadily implement long-term mechanisms to ensure the stable and sound development of the real estate market, support residents’ reasonable demand for self‑occupancy, curb investment‑driven and speculative demand, and maintain stable land prices, housing prices, and market expectations. Improve the foundational systems and supporting policies for housing security, with a focus on large cities experiencing net population inflows, and expand the supply of affordable rental housing. Develop shared‑ownership housing tailored to local conditions. Refine policies on long‑term rentals, gradually ensuring that renters and homeowners enjoy equal access to public services. Enhance the housing provident fund system. Advance the construction of barrier‑free facilities, stimulate spending on home renovations, boost consumption of smart home appliances, and promote the development of digital homes.

　　Better meet the demand for mid- to high-end consumer goods. Promote the healthy and orderly development of the duty-free industry. Help domestic brands align more closely with international standards, seamlessly connect with domestic consumer needs, and expand the domestic supply of mid- to high-end consumer products. Foster and develop international consumption center cities, and establish a number of regional consumption hubs. Deeply advance the development of Hainan as an international tourism and consumption center.

　　 (9) Actively develop service consumption.

　　Expand cultural and tourism consumption. Improve the modern cultural industries and cultural markets, promote the development of high-quality cultural resources, and advance the creative transformation and innovative development of China’s fine traditional culture. Encourage cultural and heritage institutions to leverage their collections to develop a wide range of cultural‑creative products, thereby expanding the supply of high‑quality cultural goods and services. Vigorously develop resort and leisure tourism, and broaden the array of diversified, personalized, and customized tourism products and services. Accelerate the cultivation of emerging tourism formats such as island‑based, cruise‑based, low‑altitude, and desert‑based tourism, and unlock the potential of general aviation consumption.

　　Increase consumption of services for elderly care and childcare. In response to population aging, promote the coordinated development of elderly care institutions and the elderly‑care industry, and accelerate the establishment of an elderly‑care service system that integrates home‑based, community‑based, and institutional care, and combines medical care, elderly care, and health‑preserving services. Develop the silver economy, advance age‑friendly renovations of public facilities, and foster the development of age‑appropriate technologies and products. Ensure that fertility policies are aligned with economic and social policies, alleviate the financial burdens of childbearing, raising, and educating children, improve comprehensive services for healthy pregnancies and childrearing, and unlock the full potential of the fertility policy. Expand inclusive childcare provisions and develop centrally managed and operated community‑based childcare services.

　　Provide multi-tiered medical and health services. Comprehensively advance the Healthy China initiative, deepen reform of the medical and healthcare system, improve the public health system, and promote high-quality development of public hospitals. Support social entities in delivering multi-tiered, diversified medical services; encourage the development of primary care services; and increase the effective supply of specialized medical care and other niche service areas. Actively develop traditional Chinese medicine, with a focus on expanding high-quality TCM services in areas such as clinical care, health preservation, rehabilitation, and health tourism. Vigorously promote personalized medical care. Strengthen occupational health protection. Refine routine epidemic prevention and control measures. Timely optimize the types of vaccines included in the National Immunization Program, gradually incorporating safe, effective, and financially affordable vaccines into the program.

　　Enhance the quality of educational services. Improve the national education system and promote educational equity. Refine mechanisms to ensure universal access to preschool education, as well as special and specialized education. Advance high-quality, balanced development of compulsory education and foster integrated urban–rural development. Consolidate and raise the level of universal access to senior secondary education. With a view to building world-class universities and research institutions, strengthen the development of science and education infrastructure and platforms for industry–education integration. Perfect the vocational and technical education and training system, and enhance its relevance and adaptability. Encourage social entities to provide diversified educational services, support and regulate the development of private education, comprehensively standardize off-campus education and training activities, steadily advance the reform of categorized management of private education, and launch high-level Sino‑foreign cooperative programs.

　　Promote public participation in sports consumption. Deeply implement the National Fitness Strategy, develop a national trail network, and advance the construction of sports parks. Leveraging professional sports such as football and basketball, enhance the quality of sporting events and the spectator experience, and drive the expansion and upgrading of the competitive‑performance industry. Foster new business models such as online fitness and virtual sporting events. Advance the “Southward Expansion, Western Outreach, Eastern Advancement” initiative for ice and snow sports, encouraging the public to embrace winter sports with enthusiasm.

　　Promote the upgrading and expansion of domestic services. Foster the professional, large-scale, networked, and standardized development of the domestic service sector; refine the domestic service standards system; and encourage the growth of employee‑based domestic service enterprises. Deepen the “Leader” initiative to enhance the quality and capacity of the domestic service industry. Elevate the quality of domestic services and training, advance socially recognized occupational skill certification, and strengthen occupational risk protection for domestic service workers. Advance the integration of domestic services into communities and establish a 24‑hour, end‑to‑end lifestyle service system. Encourage the development of high‑end domestic services, such as family butlers.

　　Enhance the level of community public services. Establish a community service system that integrates public services, convenient and people‑benefiting services, and volunteer‑based mutual‑assistance services, thereby strengthening community service capabilities, encouraging social entities to participate in the provision of community services, continuously improving service quality, and elevating the intelligence and digitalization of community services. Support the integrated innovation of business models such as housekeeping, elderly care, childcare, and property management. Strengthen communities’ capacity and effectiveness in epidemic prevention and control.

　 　(10) Accelerate the development of new forms of consumption.

　　Support the integrated development of online and offline consumption. Accelerate the digital transformation and upgrading of traditional brick-and-mortar businesses. Expand application scenarios for 5G networks and gigabit optical networks. Speed up the research and development of smart products, and support the deployment of technologies such as autonomous driving and unmanned delivery. Foster new retail formats, including smart supermarkets, smart stores, and smart restaurants. Improve the technical and service standards system in emerging consumption sectors, regulate the development of the platform economy in accordance with the law, and enhance regulatory capabilities for new business models.

　　Foster a new “Internet Plus Social Services” model. Strengthen and enhance online learning services, and promote the collaborative development and shared use of diverse digital educational resources. Actively advance “Internet Plus Healthcare” services, refine policies on internet-based diagnosis and treatment fees, and, in accordance with established procedures, include eligible internet healthcare services within the scope of medical insurance reimbursement. Deepen the development of online cultural and entertainment offerings, encourage the digital transformation of traditional offline cultural and recreational sectors, and support the creation of high-quality digital content and emerging platforms for disseminating digital resources. Encourage the growth of smart tourism, smart broadcasting and television, and intelligent sports. Provide support for the expansion of convenient online office solutions and contactless transaction services.

　　Promote the development of new consumption models, such as the sharing economy. Expand new spaces for shared living by encouraging the intelligent upgrading of products and innovative business models in areas like shared mobility, shared accommodation, and shared tourism, while refining relevant standards for sharing‑based offerings that serve public‑service functions. Foster new momentum for shared production by urging enterprises to open up their platform resources and fully unlock the potential of underutilized existing assets. Encourage manufacturing firms to explore business models and application scenarios for shared manufacturing. In line with trends in network and information technologies, support and guide the healthy evolution of emerging lifestyles and consumption patterns.

　　Develop the new individual economy. Support diversified business models such as social e‑commerce and live streaming, and encourage the development of innovative platforms based on knowledge sharing and experience exchange. Promote the standardized and orderly growth of online social networking and short‑video platforms, and foster innovation in micro‑apps, micro‑products, and micro‑films.

　　 (11) Vigorously promote green and low-carbon consumption.

　　Actively develop a green, low-carbon consumer market. Improve mechanisms for the production and promotion of green, low-carbon products. Promote the green renewal and quality upgrading of durable consumer goods among households. Vigorously advance energy-efficient, low-carbon building practices. Refine the green procurement system and increase government procurement of low-carbon products. Establish and strengthen standards, labeling, and certification systems for green products, as well as mechanisms for realizing the value of ecological products. Accelerate the development of a circular economy for waste and used materials, and standardize the growth of industries dedicated to the recycling and reuse of automobiles, power batteries, household appliances, and electronic products.

　　Promote a green lifestyle characterized by conservation and intensive resource use. Deeply advance initiatives to foster sustainable living. Advance the development of green communities. Plan and build urban and rural infrastructure in line with the principles of green, low‑carbon, and circular development. Encourage green, low‑carbon transportation, expand urban public transit, and improve urban non‑motorized transport systems. Enhance urban ecological networks and ventilation corridors, and raise the level of urban greening. Fully implement the National Water‑Saving Campaign. Continuously address excessive packaging, encourage consumers to practice mindful consumption, and help cultivate a social ethos that honors frugality and condemns waste.

　　 IV. Optimize the investment structure and expand investment opportunities

　　Effectively steer investment direction, remove investment barriers, focus on key sectors and weak links, strive to boost manufacturing investment, intensify efforts to address shortcomings in priority areas, systematically plan for new‑type infrastructure, and work to enhance investment efficiency. These measures will foster moderate growth in the overall scale of investment, continuously optimize its structure, and strengthen the momentum of sustained investment expansion.

　　 (12) Strengthen support for investment in the manufacturing sector.

　　Focusing on promoting high-quality development of the manufacturing sector and building a manufacturing powerhouse, we will guide the concentration of high‑quality resources and factors of production in manufacturing. We will increase investment in the optimization and upgrading of traditional manufacturing, expand investment in advanced manufacturing, and enhance the quality and efficiency of the manufacturing supply system. We will intensify technological upgrading in manufacturing, supporting enterprises in adopting innovative technologies and products to carry out such upgrades. We will refine policies and institutional frameworks that foster manufacturing development, reduce business operating costs, and improve the profitability of manufacturing firms. We will strengthen guarantees for land use, energy consumption, and other key inputs to support manufacturing investment. Furthermore, we will innovate and improve equity and bond financing instruments for manufacturing enterprises.

　　 (13) Continuously advance investment to address shortcomings in key areas.

　　Accelerate the development of transport infrastructure. Improve the national integrated, three-dimensional transport network—centered on railways, underpinned by highways, and leveraging the comparative advantages of waterways and civil aviation—while advancing the construction of the “6 Axes, 7 Corridors, 8 Channels” backbone framework to strengthen transport connectivity among regions, urban agglomerations, and provinces. Strengthen the development of strategic trunk routes in central and western China as well as along the Yangtze River and the coast; systematically upgrade and expand capacity‑constrained corridors; and enhance interconnectivity with neighboring countries. Speed up the national railway network, fully connect the eight north–south and eight east–west high-speed rail corridors, steadily advance regional connecting lines, and accelerate the construction of conventional railways while upgrading existing lines. Support key urban agglomerations in taking the lead in establishing intercity rail networks, promote the development of metropolitan‑area commuter (suburban) railways and urban rail transit, and integrate these systems with mainline railways. Enhance the backbone highway network, improve the quality of the national expressway system, expedite interprovincial expressway construction, and complete the upgrading and expansion of bottleneck sections on ordinary national and provincial roads. Continue to advance the “Four Good Rural Roads” initiative. Strengthen the aviation network by accelerating the development of international and regional hub airports, actively promoting the construction of regional feeder airports and general‑aviation airports, and fostering the creation of world‑class airport clusters in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta, the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area, and the Chengdu–Chongqing region. Leverage the comprehensive advantages of water transport by fostering world‑class port clusters along the coasts of Tianjin and Hebei, in the Yangtze River Delta, and in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area; support the establishment of international shipping centers; and accelerate the development of high‑grade inland waterway networks, including the Yangtze River. Build a multi‑tiered, integrated, multimodal transport hub system.

　　Strengthen energy infrastructure development. Enhance the safety and intelligence of the power grid, optimize the layout of power generation and transmission channels, improve the structure and configuration of the main grid network, and systematically advance key projects for inter-provincial and inter-regional transmission corridors. Actively promote the upgrading of distribution networks and the development of rural power grids, thereby boosting transmission and distribution capacity to remote areas. Optimize the coal production‑transportation mix, advance the intelligent and green development of coal mines, and refine the planning of five major coal supply‑guarantee hubs in western and eastern Mongolia, northern Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Xinjiang, while increasing coal rail‑transport capacity. Accelerate the construction of national trunk oil and gas pipelines, adopt a compact, coordinated approach, and steadily push forward the planning and construction of LNG receiving terminals and LNG refueling stations for vehicles and vessels. Significantly raise the level of clean energy utilization by developing multi‑energy complementary clean energy bases, with a particular focus on expediting the construction of large‑scale wind and photovoltaic power plants in desert, gobi, and arid regions. Coordinate and comprehensively implement ultra‑low‑emission and energy‑saving upgrades for existing coal-fired generating units, elevating the clean and efficient development of coal power. Promote the establishment of a new‑type power system, enhancing the capacity to absorb and store clean energy.

　　Accelerate the development of water infrastructure. Expedite the construction of an integrated water network that combines flood control and disaster reduction, water resource allocation, and aquatic ecosystem protection, thereby enhancing the nation’s capacity to ensure water security. Promote the development of comprehensive water‑conservancy hubs and water‑storage and regulation projects, with a focus on holistic basin‑wide planning and balanced spatial allocation of water resources. Speed up the implementation of inter‑basin and inter‑regional water‑resource allocation projects, and carry out key water‑diversion and transfer schemes that are vital to regional development, thus improving the efficiency of water‑resource allocation. Strengthen the construction of water‑saving infrastructure. Enhance resilience to water‑related disasters, address existing gaps in flood‑control capacity along major rivers, lakes, and river systems, and advance the reinforcement of embankments, channel improvement, construction of regulating structures, and development of flood‑storage areas. Intensify efforts to manage small and medium‑sized rivers, prevent mountain floods, and reinforce aging or hazardous reservoirs. Advance the development of water‑supply, irrigation, and source‑water projects, and strengthen coordinated scheduling among water‑supply regions. Where conditions permit, incorporate villages surrounding urban areas into urban water‑supply networks. Bolster the construction of small and medium‑sized rural water‑source facilities and protect drinking‑water sources, while promoting the construction and modernization of large and medium‑sized irrigation districts. In coastal cities facing water scarcity, accelerate the development of large‑scale seawater desalination plants.

　　Enhance the logistics infrastructure network. Coordinate the planning and development of national logistics hubs, national backbone cold-chain logistics bases, demonstration logistics parks, and other facilities to optimize the national-level backbone logistics infrastructure network, strengthen cross-regional logistics service capabilities, and support the establishment of a modern logistics operating system characterized by “corridors + hubs + networks.” Optimize the commercial‑logistics facility network, underpinned by integrated logistics parks, specialized distribution centers, and last‑mile delivery outlets. Accelerate the construction of storage, preservation, and cold-chain logistics facilities at agricultural production sites, expand the coverage of urban–rural cold-chain infrastructure networks, and promote full cold-chain coverage across the entire food production–distribution–supply chain.

　　Step up efforts to build ecological and environmental infrastructure. Comprehensively upgrade the level of ecological and environmental infrastructure, establishing an integrated system that encompasses facilities for treating and disposing of sewage, municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, and medical waste, along with robust monitoring and regulatory capabilities, thereby creating an environmental infrastructure network that extends from urban areas to established towns and rural communities. Implement major projects for the protection and restoration of key ecosystems. Promote the establishment of an ecological conservation compensation mechanism. Advance the efficient use of resources across the board, and develop eco‑environmental infrastructure that boosts the utilization of clean energy and reduces carbon dioxide emissions.

　　Improve social and livelihood infrastructure. Address shortcomings in the healthcare sector by strengthening the urban infectious disease treatment network, comprehensively enhancing the capacity of county-level hospitals, and continuously upgrading their facilities. Ensure adequate provision of basic medical equipment at township health centers and village clinics, and comprehensively upgrade the facilities and equipment of disease control institutions. Strengthen the public health prevention and control system at ports of entry to enhance public health preparedness, response, and treatment capabilities. Accelerate efforts to close gaps in educational resources by bolstering educational infrastructure and improving learning conditions across all levels and types of schools. Expand access to affordable elderly care and integrated medical‑elderly care services. Enhance maternal and child health service facilities, and proactively plan and build childcare and juvenile protection institutions and facilities. Raise the quality of county‑level public cultural facilities and strengthen infrastructure for radio and television broadcasting and coverage. Speed up the development of high‑quality, distinctive tourist attractions, resort areas, and leisure districts. Upgrade sports venues and facilities, and continue to improve fitness amenities readily accessible to the public.

　　 (14) Systematically plan and deploy new infrastructure.

　　Accelerate the development of information infrastructure. Build a high‑speed, ubiquitous, space–ground integrated, seamlessly interconnected, secure, and efficient information infrastructure, enhancing capabilities in data sensing, transmission, storage, and computing. Expedite the deployment of the Internet of Things, the Industrial Internet, satellite internet, and gigabit optical networks; establish a nationwide integrated big data center system; strategically position national hub nodes for big data centers; promote the widespread and deep application of artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and other technologies; and foster the seamless integration and intelligent allocation of “cloud, network, and terminal” resources. Guided by demand, strengthen the service capacity of the national wide‑area quantum‑secure communication backbone network.

　　Promote the comprehensive development of integrated infrastructure. Advance the deep integration of technologies such as 5G, artificial intelligence, and big data with sectors including transportation and logistics, energy, ecological and environmental protection, water resources, emergency response, and public services, thereby enhancing the governance capabilities of these industries. Support the use of 5G technology to upgrade and modernize cable television networks. Actively yet prudently develop the Internet of Vehicles.

　　Proactively plan and develop innovative infrastructure. Support eligible regions in building regional innovation hubs, and appropriately advance the deployment of major scientific and technological infrastructure. Optimize and upgrade industrial innovation infrastructure, including National Industrial Innovation Centers, National Manufacturing Innovation Centers, National Engineering Research Centers, and National Technology Innovation Centers, while strengthening the provision of common foundational technologies.

　　 V. Promote coordinated development between urban and rural areas and among regions, and unlock the potential of domestic demand.

　　Urbanization is a key pillar for expanding domestic demand. By seamlessly aligning the strategy of boosting domestic demand with the new‑type urbanization strategy, we can turn them into powerful drivers of economic growth. Promoting coordinated development between urban and rural areas as well as among regions is an essential step to unlock the potential of domestic demand and advance industrial upgrading. We must uphold a nationwide, unified approach, fully implement the Rural Revitalization Strategy, and steadfastly pursue major regional strategies and the strategy of balanced regional development, thereby enhancing the overall coherence and coordination of development and fully unleashing the latent potential of domestic demand.

　　 (15) Promote a new type of urbanization centered on people.

　　Promote the urbanization of rural migrants. Deepen household registration system reform, establish and improve a mechanism whereby basic public services are provided at the place of habitual residence, and facilitate the full integration of rural migrants into urban life, thereby enhancing the quality of urbanization. Refine policies linking fiscal transfer payments to the urbanization of rural migrants. In accordance with the law, safeguard the rural land contract rights, residential land use rights, and rights to share in collective income of farmers who have registered as urban residents; establish a market-based system for the transfer of rural property rights; and improve mechanisms and supporting policies for the market‑based exit of households from their “three rights.”

　　Foster urban agglomerations and metropolitan circles. Advance the development of urban agglomerations such as the Chengdu–Chongqing Twin-City Economic Circle, improve institutional mechanisms for integrated urban‑agglomeration development, and coordinate infrastructure planning, industrial division of labor, shared public services, and joint ecological conservation and environmental governance. Leveraging centrally located cities with strong radiating and driving capabilities, enhance the level of coordinated development within commuting zones and cultivate modern metropolitan circles characterized by a high degree of urban integration. Promote the streamlining and strengthening of megacities and super‑large cities, while strictly curbing the disorderly expansion of central city sizes. Enhance the livability and workability of medium‑ and large‑sized cities, and support the emergence of new small and medium‑sized cities. Improve the urban system, strengthen urban ecological restoration and functional upgrading in accordance with laws and regulations, and rationally determine urban size, population density, and spatial structure.

　　Promote urbanization with county towns as key hubs. Upgrade and expand the capacity of county-town facilities in public services, environmental sanitation, municipal utilities, and industrial support, thereby enhancing their overall carrying capacity and governance capabilities. Encourage county towns in eastern urbanized areas to accelerate development, support the development of county towns in central, western, and northeastern urbanized regions, and appropriately guide the development of county towns located in major agricultural production areas and key ecological function zones. Based on location conditions, resource endowments, and existing development foundations, adopt a differentiated approach to steer the development of small towns. Foster the sound and standardized development of distinctive small towns.

　　Promote urban infrastructure planning and construction, as well as urban renewal. Strengthen the systematic development of municipal systems for water, electricity, gas, roads, heating, and telecommunications; advance the construction of underground utility tunnels and sponge city initiatives; enhance flood‑control measures within urban areas; and improve the systems for collecting and treating urban sewage and solid waste, thereby building cities that are livable, innovative, smart, green, culturally rich, and resilient. Intensify the renovation of older urban residential neighborhoods and community development, address deficiencies in residential community facilities, and upgrade the overall living environment. Accelerate seismic retrofitting and reinforcement of buildings and infrastructure in earthquake‑prone areas, and bolster urban safety monitoring. Strengthen the protection of historical and cultural heritage, shape distinctive urban landscapes, and preserve the historical and cultural continuity of cities.

　　 (16) Actively promote rural modernization.

　　Implement rural development initiatives. Taking into account the patterns of village evolution, agglomeration characteristics, and existing spatial distribution, and aligning these with farmers’ daily living and working radii, rationally determine village layouts and scales. Improve rural infrastructure and comprehensive service facilities, enhance the quality of rural housing, and enforce stringent building safety standards. Strengthen ecological conservation in rural areas and improve the rural living environment. Promote the transformation of outdated customs and practices in rural communities. Intensify efforts to protect cultural heritage in rural regions, safeguard traditional villages, ethnic minority settlements, and rural landscapes, ensuring that residents can see mountains, gaze upon water, and cherish their sense of nostalgia for their hometowns.

　　Improve the rural market system. Strengthen the agricultural product distribution network, enhance the development of rural commerce and trade infrastructure, and ensure smooth two-way channels for industrial goods to reach rural areas and agricultural products to enter urban markets. Refine the three-tier county–township–village logistics network, with county-level logistics hubs as the core, township service stations as the backbone, and village-level last-mile outlets as the extension, while also improving supporting services for rural e‑commerce. Foster online brands for agricultural products. Promote an upgrade in consumption among rural residents in automobiles, home appliances, furniture, and home decoration. Guide counties to adopt new business formats and models from urban areas, fully meeting the personalized, diversified, and mid-to-high‑end consumption needs of residents in both counties and townships. Continuously enforce the law to crack down on counterfeit and substandard products, thereby regulating the order of the rural market.

　　Enrich rural economic models. Deeply implement the strategy of revitalizing agriculture through quality, promote the integrated development of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries in rural areas, foster high‑quality modern agricultural processing, and extend agricultural value chains. Develop distinctive, modern rural industries that boost farmers’ incomes, and strengthen specialized sectors such as leisure agriculture, rural tourism, homestay economies, and rural culture. Improve mechanisms for linking interests to ensure that farmers share more fully in the added value generated by these industries. Develop new forms of rural collective economies, support diverse new types of agricultural business entities, and enhance both the efficiency of agricultural operations and the attractiveness of farming as a profession. Advance rural talent revitalization, optimize the environment for rural innovation and entrepreneurship, and unleash the dynamism of rural innovation and enterprise.

　　Improve the institutional mechanisms for integrated urban–rural development. Strengthen the approach of using industry to support agriculture and cities to drive rural areas, fostering a new type of urban–rural relationship characterized by mutual reinforcement, complementary advantages, coordinated development, and shared prosperity. Coordinate and advance urban–rural planning, spatial layout, and construction management, ensuring that both urban and rural areas can showcase their unique strengths while thriving together. Promote mutual integration and synergistic development among urban and rural areas in areas such as factor allocation, industrial development, safety standards, public services, and ecological conservation, facilitating the equal exchange of production factors, the free two-way flow of resources, and the rational allocation of public resources, thereby gradually narrowing the development gap between urban and rural areas and the disparity in living standards.

　　 (17) Optimize the regional economic layout

　　Leveraging major regional strategies to forge new growth poles for domestic demand. Taking the relocation of non-capital functions from Beijing as the key priority, we will continue to advance coordinated development among Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei. Upholding the principles of ecological priority, green development, and joint efforts to protect the environment while refraining from large-scale development, we will comprehensively promote high-quality development of the Yangtze Economic Belt. We will support Hong Kong and Macao in better integrating into the overall national development agenda and actively yet prudently advance the construction of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area. Focusing on “integration” and “high quality,” we will elevate the level of integrated development in the Yangtze River Delta. By coordinating upstream, midstream, and downstream regions to jointly safeguard the environment, we will steadily advance ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin. We will support economically strong regions in enhancing their capacity to accommodate economic activity and population, strengthening their capabilities as sources of innovation and their ability to allocate global resources, fostering greater inter‑regional integration and mutual reinforcement, cultivating new growth poles, and driving an overall improvement in national economic efficiency.

　　Promote balanced regional development and refine the spatial pattern of domestic demand growth. Within the framework of a unified national market, fully leverage the comparative advantages of each region, strive for differentiated competition and complementary development, and unlock the substantial domestic demand potential of coordinated regional development. Deeply advance the Great Western Development, the comprehensive revitalization of the Northeast, the rise of the Central Region, and the leading development of the Eastern Region; support less-developed areas, old revolutionary base areas, and other special‑type regions in accelerating their development, and increase support for the development of ethnic minority areas. Ensure effective linkage between consolidating and expanding poverty‑alleviation achievements and rural revitalization, and improve assistance mechanisms for low‑income rural populations and underdeveloped regions. Strengthen mechanisms—such as interregional benefit compensation—that promote balanced regional development. Actively expand space for the development of the marine economy.

　　 VI. Enhance the quality of supply to better stimulate demand

　　Ensuring smooth functioning on the supply side can unblock bottlenecks, remove constraints, meet existing demand, and further stimulate the creation of new demand. We must align with shifts in demand structure and the supply-side revolution, embrace the trends of a new round of scientific and technological breakthroughs and industrial transformation, strengthen our capacity for independent innovation, and leverage innovation-driven, high-quality supply to lead and generate new demand, thereby fostering a virtuous cycle between supply and demand at a higher level.

　　 (18) Accelerate the development of new industries and new products.

　　Achieve a high level of scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening. Guided by national strategic needs, optimize the overall structure of the national innovation system and bolster strategic scientific and technological forces led by national laboratories. Promote the rational allocation of research resources and the sharing of scientific capabilities among research institutes, universities, and enterprises. Improve the new whole‑nation system for science and technology, define priorities and directions for innovation, and refine the organization and management of research projects. Launch a series of forward‑looking, strategically significant national major science and technology programs in cutting‑edge fields such as artificial intelligence, quantum information, and brain science. Focus on core basic components and devices, critical basic materials, essential foundational software, advanced basic processes, and industrial technology foundations, and encourage collaborative R&D efforts across the upstream and downstream segments of industrial chains. Consistently strengthen basic research, leverage the pivotal role of key research institutions and universities as national teams, and strategically establish a number of research centers in fundamental disciplines. Enhance the effective linkage between scientific research and market applications, support industry–university–research collaboration, and foster the integrated development of industrial chains, innovation chains, and ecosystem networks. Strengthen the primary role of enterprises as the main actors in technological innovation.

　　Strengthen strategic emerging industries. Deeply advance the development of national strategic emerging industry clusters and build national-level strategic emerging industry bases. Comprehensively enhance the core competitiveness of the information technology sector, driving innovation and application in artificial intelligence, advanced communications, integrated circuits, next-generation displays, and advanced computing. Accelerate the industrialization of biopharmaceuticals, bioagriculture, biomanufacturing, and gene‑technology‑based services. Expand and fortify the new energy industry. Promote the research, development, and application of cutting-edge new materials. Foster the engineering application and industrialization of major equipment, speeding up R&D on large aircraft, aeroengines, and airborne systems, while advancing the construction of satellite constellations and related infrastructure. Develop the digital creative industries. In the fields of frontier technologies and industrial transformation, launch and implement incubation and acceleration programs for future industries, proactively planning for the industries of tomorrow. Drive the development of advanced manufacturing clusters, establish national demonstration bases for new‑type industrialization, and cultivate world‑class advanced manufacturing clusters.

　　Strengthen the application of innovative products. Leveraging China’s ultra-large market and comprehensive industrial system, we will cultivate unique advantages that facilitate the rapid, large-scale deployment and iterative upgrading of new technologies, thereby accelerating the translation of scientific and technological advances into real-world productive forces. We will refine incentive and risk‑compensation mechanisms to promote demonstration applications of first‑of‑its‑kind equipment and initial batches of materials. In addition, we will establish a fast‑track review and approval mechanism for critical products.

　　Accelerate the digitalization of industries and the industrial application of digital technologies. Strengthen the development of a digital society and a digital government, promote inclusive “cloud‑based, data‑driven, and AI‑powered” solutions, and continuously enhance the level of digital governance. Establish and refine mechanisms for the cross‑departmental and cross‑regional circulation and utilization of data resources, bolster data security safeguards, and optimize the environment for data‑element circulation. Expedite the development and utilization of data resources and the formulation of relevant institutional frameworks, foster internationally competitive digital industry clusters, and intensify efforts to empower small and medium‑sized enterprises—particularly those in the manufacturing sector—with digital capabilities. Actively participate in the shaping of international rules and standards in the digital domain.

　　Unleash the innovative vitality of talent. Adhering to the principles governing talent development and scientific research, we will cultivate and nurture more world-class leading talents. We will strengthen the training of innovative, applied, and skilled personnel, expanding the ranks of high-caliber engineers and highly skilled workers. Large enterprises and research institutions will be encouraged to collaborate in cultivating science and technology talent. We will refine a talent evaluation system that prioritizes innovation capability, quality, practical effectiveness, and contributions, and improve the assessment framework for skilled professionals. We will promote the spirit of science and the spirit of craftsmanship, and raise the overall scientific literacy of the entire population.

　　 (19) Actively promote the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries.

　　Vigorously develop modern agriculture. Continuously strengthen agriculture’s foundational role, accelerate the establishment of a modern agricultural industrial system, production system, and management system, and expand specialized and socialized agricultural services. Improve the agricultural support and protection system, optimize the regional layout of agricultural production, and intensify the development of grain-production functional zones, key agricultural-product protection zones, and areas with distinctive agricultural-product advantages. Optimize the structure of agricultural production and expand the output of scarce agricultural products. Strengthen the construction of high-standard farmland, enhance the protection of the black soils in Northeast China and restore soil fertility, and bolster overall grain‑production capacity. Promote the transformation and upgrading of animal husbandry, develop standardized, large-scale farming, reinforce risk prevention and control of animal diseases, and advance the resource‑based utilization of livestock and poultry manure. Advance green and healthy aquaculture, and promote the orderly and standardized development of marine fisheries. Strengthen agricultural science and technology and equipment support, advance agricultural mechanization and the intelligentization of agricultural machinery and equipment, and foster the development of smart agriculture.

　　Promote the high-end, intelligent, and green transformation of the manufacturing sector. Deeply implement the innovation-driven development strategy for the industrial internet. Facilitate the convergence of production factors—such as data, talent, and technology—within traditional industries, and accelerate the digital transformation of enterprises. Develop smart manufacturing and green manufacturing, and drive a shift in production methods toward flexibility, intelligence, and precision. Establish a multi-tiered system for the efficient circular utilization of resources, advance the comprehensive utilization of bulk solid waste, and foster the standardized development of the remanufacturing industry.

　　Optimize the regional allocation of industrial production capacity. Leverage the comparative advantages of each region and refine the pattern of regional division of labor and collaboration. Revise and optimize the planning and layout of key foundational industries such as petrochemicals and steel, while strictly controlling the development of high‑energy‑consumption, high‑emission projects. Continuously improve policy tools like the Guidance Catalogue for Industrial Restructuring and the Catalogue of Encouraged Industries in Western China, to support and guide the central and western regions, as well as Northeast China, in leveraging their resource endowments and, on the basis of fully considering resource and environmental carrying capacity, absorbing the domestic industrial gradient transfer. Promote the reconfiguration of manufacturing competitive advantages in established industrial bases. Strengthen unified planning and macro‑level guidance for major productive forces, and prevent blind investment and redundant construction.

　　Continuously promote the upgrading of producer services toward the high end. Develop service‑oriented manufacturing by encouraging manufacturing firms to expand into producer services, broadening value‑added offerings such as R&D and design, supply‑chain coordination, system‑solution integration, flexible customization, and full‑lifecycle management, thereby facilitating a shift from “product‑only” to “product + service” delivery and enhancing the industry’s position in the value chain. Foster the integrated development of modern services with advanced manufacturing. Actively advance the science‑and‑technology services sector and support the growth of new, specialized service providers in areas like intelligent manufacturing and business process reengineering. Expand outsourcing of production‑related services—including R&D, design, and testing—and encourage service‑sector enterprises, such as e‑commerce firms, to extend their operations into manufacturing. Guide R&D and design firms to engage in embedded collaboration with manufacturing enterprises. Cultivate professional, internationally competitive intellectual‑property service brands. With a focus on improving the efficiency of factor allocation, drive innovation in supply‑chain finance, information and data services, human resources, and other related sectors.

　　 (20) Focus on strengthening standards, quality, and brand development.

　　Improve the product and service standards system. Establish and refine a nationwide, unified system of mandatory national standards. Develop a full‑chain standardization framework for modern agriculture, upgrade the standards system for high‑end manufacturing, dynamically update safety standards for consumer goods, and strengthen standardization in service sectors such as tourism, elderly care, and commercial distribution. Optimize the “leader” system for enterprise standards. Vigorously promote advanced group standards. Accelerate the establishment of a national modern, cutting‑edge measurement system. Strengthen the development of inspection and testing infrastructure.

　　Continuously enhance the quality of products and services. Strengthen oversight of quality and safety, advance quality‑based grading, and steadily raise the level of quality and safety in consumer goods. Improve the quality certification system and refine mechanisms for recognizing and accepting quality certifications. Accelerate the development of a traceability system covering both online and offline channels for key products, implement a management system for quality‑service labeling, and promote quality‑oriented consumption.

　　Deeply implement the trademark and brand strategy. Build Chinese brands, and nurture and develop time-honored Chinese brands as well as distinctive traditional cultural brands. Continuously organize China Brand Day events to promote high-quality domestic products, raise public awareness of brand development, and, through fair market competition and consumers’ independent choices, foster more Chinese brands that enjoy global recognition.

　　 VII. Improve the modern market and distribution systems to promote seamless integration between production and demand.

　　A well‑functioning market system can maximize resource allocation and optimize efficiency, while an efficient distribution network can more extensively and deeply integrate production and consumption. To foster a unified national market, we must accelerate the improvement of the market system’s foundational institutions, develop a modern circulation system, optimize the allocation of production factors, effectively enhance market operations and circulation efficiency, and promote close alignment between production and demand.

　　 (21) Enhance the level of market-based allocation of production factors.

　　Promote the orderly flow of labor factors. Foster a fair employment environment and ensure that urban and rural workers enjoy equal employment rights. Establish a coordinated and seamless policy framework and mechanisms for labor and talent mobility, improve a unified and standardized human resources market system, refine the national unified public service platform for human resources and social security, and shift the allocation of public resources from being primarily based on urban administrative levels to being primarily aligned with the actual size of the population served and managed.

　　Promote the market-based allocation of land as a factor of production. Improve the unified urban–rural construction land market and ensure that land value increments are appropriately shared. Explore the establishment of a nationwide mechanism for cross‑regional trading of construction land quotas and supplementary farmland quotas. Accelerate the development of a secondary market for construction land, advance market‑based allocation of industrial land, facilitate the rational conversion among different types of industrial land, and explore ways to increase the supply of mixed‑use industrial land. Refine the systems for formulating and publishing benchmark and calibrated land prices in both urban and rural areas, and gradually establish a dynamic adjustment mechanism linked to market prices. Fully leverage market mechanisms to revitalize existing land stocks and underutilized land.

　　Improve the mechanisms for allocating knowledge, technology, and data as production factors. Deepen reforms regarding the rights to use, dispose of, and derive benefits from scientific and technological achievements, and refine incentive mechanisms for the commercialization of official‑invention technologies. Intensify reforms in research institutions and support public research organizations in piloting more flexible management systems for positions, remuneration, and other aspects. Establish sound mechanisms to ensure the free and orderly flow of innovation resources among universities, research institutes, and enterprises. Develop national institutions for trading intellectual property and scientific‑technological achievement rights. Enhance market‑based allocation mechanisms for data as a production factor, and put in place foundational systems and standard specifications covering data‑resource ownership, trading and circulation, cross‑border transfers, and security protection.

　　 (22) Accelerate the establishment of a fair and unified market.

　　Improve the market order of fair competition. Treat enterprises of all forms of ownership equally in areas such as access to production factors, market entry licensing, business operations, standard-setting, tendering and procurement, and government purchasing. Establish fair, open, and transparent competition rules; develop a competition policy implementation mechanism that covers all stages—pre‑emptive, ongoing, and ex‑post; refine the fair‑competition review system; and strengthen the binding force of fair‑competition reviews. Enhance and improve enforcement against monopoly and unfair competition, and further refine relevant laws and regulations. Also, improve the system for assessing market competition conditions.

　　Accelerate the development of a unified national market. Eliminate local protectionism and market fragmentation, and build a domestic market that is efficient, well‑regulated, and characterized by fair competition. Remove institutional and systemic barriers that impede the market‑based allocation of production factors and the smooth flow of goods and services, thereby reducing overall transaction costs across society. Improve the negative list system for market access and comprehensively enhance its effectiveness. Advance market‑oriented reforms in the competitive segments of sectors such as energy, railways, telecommunications, and public utilities. Deepen the integration and sharing of public resource trading platforms. Rationally delineate regulatory responsibilities among governments at different levels, establish cross‑regional market supervision mechanisms, and effectively prevent the abuse of administrative power to restrict competition.

　　 (23) Building a Modern Circulation System

　　Optimize the modern commerce and trade system. Elevate urban commercial standards, develop smart business districts, and establish a tiered, category‑specific urban commercial landscape, creating “15‑minute” convenience‑oriented living circles. Strengthen commercial development in county‑level areas and build a comprehensive rural commercial system. Accelerate the integration and innovation of technologies such as the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence with commerce and distribution models, while vigilantly guarding against monopolistic practices and security risks.

　　Develop a modern logistics system. By optimizing service chains, strengthening service capabilities, and enhancing supply-chain coordination, we will refine an intensive, efficient, and well‑integrated modern logistics service framework. We will promote the integrated development of the modern logistics sector with agriculture, manufacturing, commerce, and other industries. We will actively advance multimodal transport combining road, rail, and waterway; river–sea intermodal transport; and railway express services. We will explore the establishment of a coordinated, city‑cluster‑wide logistics management mechanism to foster organically synergistic logistics clusters. We will optimize international maritime shipping routes, strengthen international air cargo networks, consolidate and upgrade international rail transport initiatives such as the China–Europe Railway Express, promote the development of cross‑border road transport, support the optimization of overseas warehouse networks worldwide, and accelerate the construction of efficient, unimpeded, and diversified international logistics trunk corridors, thereby creating a logistics network that is both internally and externally connected, secure, and highly efficient.

　　 VIII. Deepen reform and opening-up, and bolster the momentum of domestic demand growth.

　　By making full and effective use of reform as a key lever and pursuing a higher‑level opening-up, we can generate strong momentum for unlocking the potential of domestic demand and expanding final consumption. We must focus on priority areas and pressing issues, strengthen the systematic integration and coordinated efficiency of reform and opening-up measures, and refine institutional frameworks that promote consumption and expand investment, thereby providing an inexhaustible source of impetus and vitality for the development of the domestic market.

　　 (24) Improve the systems and mechanisms for promoting consumption.

　　Continuously unlock the potential of service consumption. Adopt a policy of “easy entry, strict regulation,” lifting market access restrictions in service sectors where supply quality can be enhanced through robust competition. For service areas in industries such as electricity, oil, and gas that exhibit natural monopoly characteristics, implement separation of network operations from transmission and distribution, and lower entry barriers in downstream sectors where competition is relatively robust. In line with the principles of separating government functions from public‑service responsibilities, separating public‑service entities from for‑profit enterprises, and separating regulatory oversight from operational management, continue to advance institutional reforms in education, science and technology, culture, health, sports, and other related fields.

　　Strengthen consumer rights protection. Establish and improve a new regulatory framework that is tailored to the characteristics of emerging consumption models and business formats. Introduce a system of substantial punitive damages for counterfeit and substandard products. Enhance mechanisms for defective product recalls, product injury monitoring, and product quality guarantees, and refine diversified consumer redress and dispute-resolution systems. Strengthen oversight of food and drug safety to ensure public health and safety. Reinforce price regulation in key goods and service sectors to maintain market price order.

　　 (25) Advance reform of the investment and financing system.

　　Increase support for and guidance of private investment. Uphold the unwavering commitment to consolidate and develop the public sector while equally resolutely encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public sector, so as to foster complementary strengths and shared growth between the two. Improve supporting policies, leverage the catalytic role of government funds, and encourage private capital to participate in major projects such as new infrastructure, new urbanization, and transportation and water conservancy initiatives, as well as in areas where critical shortcomings need to be addressed. Encourage private enterprises to increase R&D spending, promote equipment upgrades and technological transformation, expand investment in strategic emerging industries, enhance their capacity for independent innovation, and master core technologies with proprietary intellectual property rights. Facilitate and guide non-state capital investors to engage in the restructuring and reorganization of state-owned enterprises through equity participation, controlling stakes, asset acquisitions, and other forms. Effectively safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of private enterprises, and foster and maintain a fair‑competition investment environment. Strengthen services, guidance, and standardized management for private enterprises.

　　Continuously refine the investment management model. Coordinate efforts to advance reforms of the investment approval system, standardize and systematically promote innovative practices such as the enterprise‑initiated commitment system for investment projects, regional assessments, and the “standard land” reform, and strengthen institutional linkages among investment decision‑making, planning, land use, and environmental impact assessment. Improve investment‑related laws, regulations, and enforcement mechanisms, and enhance local supporting institutional frameworks. Strengthen ongoing and post‑approval oversight, particularly for projects subject to filing requirements. Establish and improve inter‑departmental data‑sharing mechanisms for investment approvals, and promote a unified list of powers and responsibilities, integrated data sharing, and one‑stop online processing for all approval matters.

　　Improve the investment project financing mechanism. Continuously optimize the structure of government investment and increase support for areas where critical shortcomings need to be addressed. Promote the sound development of real estate investment trusts in the infrastructure sector in an orderly manner. Leverage existing assets through diverse approaches to foster a virtuous cycle between existing assets and new investment. Standardize and advance public‑private partnerships in an orderly fashion. Encourage financial institutions to provide, in accordance with laws and regulations, more financial products and services that directly support the real economy. Strengthen the government‑backed financing guarantee system. Enhance the capital market’s ability to finance the real economy and raise the share of direct financing, particularly equity financing. Expand the scale of bond financing and promote connectivity among bond markets.

　　 (26) Optimizing the business environment to stimulate market vitality

　　Deepen the “delegation, regulation, and service” reform. Continue to advance reforms of the administrative approval system and the business registration system, reduce and streamline business‑related operating permits, reform and improve the production licensing regime, and simplify procedures for approving industrial product production licenses. Accelerate the establishment of a comprehensive, multi‑tiered, and integrated regulatory framework that covers the entire chain and all sectors—before, during, and after the event. Enhance the standardization, regularization, and convenience of company incorporation, streamline ordinary deregistration procedures, and establish sound systems for corporate bankruptcy and personal bankruptcy. Speed up cross‑departmental sharing of market data, and regulate the public use and dissemination of commercial data. Further refine the business environment evaluation system.

　　Improve the modern property rights system. Strengthen property rights protection and incentives, refine a property rights protection framework based on fairness, enhance law enforcement and judicial safeguards for property rights, and ensure comprehensive, equal legal protection of all types of property rights. Reinforce end-to‑end intellectual property protection, upgrade intellectual property examination capabilities, and establish sound mechanisms for rapid response to IP infringements and for punitive damages. Strengthen the development of property rights regimes in areas such as data, knowledge, and the environment, and improve the systems and legal frameworks governing natural resource assets. Further refine the state‑owned property rights trading system, and enhance the systems for confirming and protecting rural collective property rights.

　　Improve the social credit system. Advance the rule of law in credit management and refine the legal, regulatory, and policy framework for social credit. In accordance with laws and regulations, strengthen the collection, sharing, disclosure, and application of credit information, and establish a mechanism for integrating and sharing public credit information with financial data. Develop and institutionalize a new, credit-based regulatory framework, enhance comprehensive assessments of corporate creditworthiness, promote the use of credit commitments and notification‑based commitment systems, and, in line with laws and regulations, improve mechanisms for rewarding good faith and sanctioning breaches of trust. Strengthen the development of a consumer credit system. Intensify efforts to foster a culture of integrity and carry out public awareness campaigns, thereby creating a fair and trustworthy market and social environment.

　　 (27) Harness the role of opening-up in boosting domestic demand.

　　Promote high-quality joint development of the Belt and Road Initiative. Advance infrastructure connectivity and expand cooperation in third-party markets. Build a mutually beneficial and win-win industrial and supply chain cooperation framework, deepen international capacity cooperation, expand two-way trade and investment, and improve a diversified investment and financing system. Accelerate the high-quality development of the New International Land-Sea Trade Corridor, enhance the quality of China-Europe Railway Express services, and advance the formulation of international rules for land-based trade. Support localities in deepening exchanges and cooperation with countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative.

　　Continuously enhance the level of foreign investment utilization. Advance investment facilitation, steadily promote institutional openness in areas such as rules, regulations, governance, and standards, improve the pre-establishment national treatment plus negative list regime for foreign investment access, fully and thoroughly implement post‑entry national treatment, and foster fair competition between domestic and foreign‑invested enterprises. Encourage foreign investment in high‑end manufacturing, high‑tech industries, and modern services. Strengthen the protection of the legitimate rights and interests of foreign investors. Better integrate attracting investment with attracting talent, and encourage foreign‑invested enterprises to further integrate into China’s innovation system.

　　Build high‑level, broad‑scale, and deep‑rooted open platforms. Uphold the integration of higher‑level opening-up with balanced regional development, and coordinate efforts to expand inland openness, accelerate border‑area opening-up, and elevate the level of coastal openness. Strengthen the development of various development and opening-up platforms and mechanisms, and expedite the cultivation of additional inland open hubs. Leverage the pioneering and exemplary roles of regions such as the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei area, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area, and establish border‑area gateways for open cooperation oriented toward Northeast Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Grant greater autonomy in reform to the pilot free trade zones. Steadily advance the construction of the Hainan Free Trade Port, and put in place a policy and institutional framework for a free trade port with Chinese characteristics.

　　Steadily advance both multilateral and bilateral trade cooperation. Implement the strategy to upgrade free trade areas, ensure effective implementation of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement following its entry into force, and promote the negotiation of additional high-standard free trade agreements and regional trade arrangements. Further deepen China’s cooperation with neighboring countries and regions in agriculture, energy, services trade, and high‑tech sectors. Push forward the development of the New International Land‑Sea Trade Corridor. Optimize fiscal and tax policies to boost foreign trade, and continuously refine the tariff system to align with China’s level of economic development.

　　Expand imports of key goods and services. Broaden channels for importing high-quality consumer goods, advanced technologies, critical equipment, essential components, and vital energy resources. Support the import of technologies, equipment, and parts needed to upgrade and transform domestic industries, and encourage the import of productivity‑related services such as R&D and design, energy conservation and environmental protection, and environmental services. Increase imports of premium products, pharmaceuticals, and rehabilitation services that are closely linked to people’s daily lives. Foster innovative development in border trade. Continue to host major international expos, including the China International Import Expo, the China Import and Export Fair, the China International Fair for Trade in Services, and the China International Consumer Goods Expo, to expand the scale of imports, optimize their structure, and diversify their sources.

　　 IX. Solidly advance common prosperity and strengthen the potential for domestic demand growth.

　　Common prosperity is an essential requirement of socialism and a defining feature of Chinese modernization. Upholding the people-centered development philosophy, we will promote common prosperity through high-quality development, strike the right balance between efficiency and equity, and refine the income distribution framework. We will establish a foundational institutional arrangement that coordinates and complements primary, secondary, and tertiary distribution; strengthen and enhance the precision of regulatory measures such as taxation, social security, and transfer payments; expand the share of the middle-income group; increase the incomes of low-income groups; appropriately regulate high incomes; eliminate illegal income; advance social fairness and justice; foster well-rounded human development; and bolster the momentum for sustained domestic demand growth.

　　 (28) Continuously optimize the primary distribution pattern.

　　Enhance employment quality and increase workers’ labor income. Continue to implement the employment‑first strategy, uphold an employment‑oriented approach to economic development, expand employment capacity, improve employment quality, and promote full employment. Focus on alleviating structural employment imbalances, accelerate the upgrading of workers’ skills and competencies, develop modern vocational education, and establish a sound system of lifelong vocational skills training. Speed up the deep integration of next‑generation information technology with manufacturing, tap the employment‑driving potential of new industries, business forms, and models, and create more jobs that are higher in quality and offer higher incomes. Improve the public employment service system and mechanisms for coordinating labor relations, and refine the employment support system for key groups. Accelerate rural industrial revitalization, actively promote employment for rural migrant workers, and increase wage income among rural residents.

　　Increase the share of labor compensation in primary distribution. Ensure that growth in residents’ incomes remains broadly in step with economic growth, and that increases in labor compensation keep pace with gains in labor productivity, thereby raising wages for workers, particularly those on the front lines. Improve systems for enterprise wage surveys and information disclosure, strengthen mechanisms for determining, reasonably increasing, and guaranteeing timely payment of wages, and refine the mechanism for adjusting minimum wage standards. Reform and improve wage‑setting systems in public institutions and wage‑distribution practices in state‑owned enterprises. Actively promote collective bargaining on wages. Implement a gradual increase in the statutory retirement age.

　　Improve mechanisms for the participation of various production factors in income distribution. Establish systems that enable innovative factors such as knowledge, technology, and data to share in the distribution of economic gains; strengthen policies oriented toward enhancing the value of knowledge; and ensure that wages continue to serve as an effective incentive and safety net. Refine remuneration and incentive policies for scientific and technological talent in state-owned enterprises. Enhance dividend‑distribution practices in joint‑stock companies, particularly listed firms. Further improve regulations on stock issuance and information disclosure to promote the sound and sustainable development of the capital market. Develop a broader array of financial products tailored to household wealth‑management needs, thereby boosting residents’ investment returns. Explore ways to increase factor incomes for low- and middle-income groups by granting them usage and income rights over land, capital, and other production factors.

　　Expand the size of the middle-income group. By launching pilot demonstration projects and other initiatives, explore effective pathways for steadily advancing common prosperity. Promote stable income growth among college and vocational school graduates, skilled workers, rural migrant workers, and other groups; cultivate high‑quality farmers; refine support policies for micro and small business owners; and encourage self‑employed individuals and those in flexible employment to achieve prosperity through hard work, enabling more ordinary workers to join the middle-income bracket through their own efforts. Strengthen the public service system and appropriately reduce the burdens on the middle-income group.

　　 (29) Gradually improve the redistribution mechanism.

　　Strengthen the role of the fiscal and tax systems in regulating income distribution. Improve the direct tax system, refine the personal income tax regime that combines comprehensive and categorized approaches, and enhance tax regulation and oversight of high-income earners. Further clarify the division of fiscal powers and expenditure responsibilities between the central and local governments, and promote equal access to basic public services such as education, elderly care, healthcare, and housing security. Enhance the transfer payment system, with a particular focus on increasing transfers to regions with relatively lower levels of development. Gradually increase funding for social welfare and people’s livelihoods, and optimize the structure of education expenditures.

　　Improve the social security system. Advance the transition of basic old-age insurance from universal institutional coverage to full coverage of all legally eligible groups, and refine the system enabling flexibly employed individuals to participate in employee-based social insurance. Develop enterprise annuities and occupational annuities, and promote the standardized development of the third pillar of pension insurance. Enhance the basic medical insurance system, strengthen medical insurance and assistance mechanisms for serious and critical illnesses, and support the growth of commercial health insurance. Achieve nationwide unified administration of basic old-age insurance for enterprise employees, advance provincial-level pooling of basic medical insurance and unemployment insurance, and consolidate and improve provincial-level pooling of work-related injury insurance. Establish a sound mechanism for adjusting social security benefits. Strengthen the safety-net function of the social assistance system. Improve social welfare programs that provide support to persons with disabilities, orphans, and other vulnerable groups. Enhance the working system and保障制度 for veterans.

　　 (30) Attach great importance to leveraging the role of tertiary distribution.

　　Develop the charitable sector. Establish and improve institutional mechanisms for the development of charity, and standardize the fostering and growth of charitable organizations. Refine the system of recognition and rewards for charitable contributions, and guide and encourage enterprises and social groups that are willing and able to actively participate in public‑interest and charitable endeavors.

　　Improve the volunteer service system. Develop social work service agencies and volunteer organizations, expand the ranks of volunteers, establish more platforms for volunteer services, and comprehensively elevate the quality of volunteer work. Launch widespread volunteer care initiatives. Explore the establishment of a “civilization‑practice points bank,” incorporating volunteer activities and the practice of civilized behaviors into a points‑based management system to foster a positive social environment for volunteering.

　 　X. Enhancing Security Capabilities and Strengthening the Foundations for Domestic Demand Development

　　Integrate safe development into every sector and throughout the entire process of expanding domestic demand, with a focus on strengthening supply‑security capabilities in areas such as food, energy, and strategic mineral resources, effectively safeguarding the stability of industrial and supply chains, and continuously enhancing our capacity to respond to sudden emergencies, thereby providing robust security guarantees for the steady development of the domestic market.

　　 (31) Ensuring Food Security

　　Promote stable and increased grain production. Deeply implement the strategies of “storing grain in the land” and “storing grain in technology,” uphold the strictest system for protecting arable land, firmly safeguard the 1.8 billion mu red line for arable land, resolutely curb the non-agricultural use of farmland, and strictly regulate its conversion to non-grain crops. Advance rational spatial planning: major grain-producing areas, major grain-consuming areas, and areas with balanced production and consumption must all maintain both acreage and output; strengthen policy support for grain production to ensure absolute food security and basic self-sufficiency in cereals. Implement a strategy to guarantee the supply of key agricultural products, achieving basic self-sufficiency in pork while ensuring an adequate supply of other important agricultural and sideline products.

　　Improve the grain production‑procurement‑storage‑processing‑sales system. Implement the requirement that Party and government leaders share responsibility for food security. Deepen reforms of the grain and other key agricultural product procurement and storage systems, accelerate the development of diversified market‑based purchasing and sales entities, scientifically determine the scale, structure, and geographic distribution of grain reserves, and refine the management framework and operational mechanisms for grain reserves. Strengthen the construction of storage and logistics infrastructure for key agricultural products such as grain, cotton, and sugar. Enhance the local reserve system and establish a well‑structured, efficiently operated tiered reserve network for agricultural products. Further advance the High‑Quality Grain Initiative and expedite the establishment of a modern grain industry system. Continuously promote grain conservation and loss reduction.

　　Strengthen seed security. Establish and improve a modern seed industry system, enhance the conservation and utilization of germplasm resources and the development of seed banks, and bolster capabilities in resource conservation, breeding innovation, variety testing, and the production of high‑quality seeds. Implement major science and technology projects in agricultural biotechnology for crop improvement. On the basis of respecting scientific principles and maintaining rigorous oversight, steadily advance the industrial application of bio‑breeding technologies.

　　 (32) Strengthening the Security of Energy and Resource Supply

　　Enhance domestic production and supply capacity. Promote increased reserves and output of oil and gas within China, and strengthen onshore and offshore oil and gas development. Ensure stable and growing shale gas production, and scale up shale oil development. Guide and encourage private capital to enter the oil and gas exploration and extraction sectors. Proceed prudently with coal-to-oil and coal-to-gas projects, and plan and build strategic bases for these industries. Deeply implement the Strategic Action for Breakthroughs in Mineral Exploration, conduct surveys of the current status and potential assessments of strategic mineral resources, and actively explore for new deposits at depth and in peripheral areas of existing mines to extend their operational lifespans. Continuously advance the intelligent and green transformation of mining operations.

　　 (33) Strengthening the security and resilience of industrial and supply chains

　　Promote the strengthening and completion of industrial chains in the manufacturing sector. Implement the Industrial Foundation Reconstruction Project, improve the industrial support system, and bolster the development of an industrial technical standards framework. Consolidate and expand cooperation with neighboring countries on industrial and supply chains, jointly ensuring the stable operation of global industrial and supply chains. Launch the Manufacturing Supply Chain Enhancement Initiative to build a robust manufacturing supply chain ecosystem. Focusing on critical raw materials, technologies, and products along key industry value chains, enhance the flexibility and reliability of supply chains.

　　Ensure the safe and stable operation of foundational industries that underpin national economic development and people’s livelihoods. Focus on safeguarding the secure and reliable functioning of coal, electricity, oil, gas, and transportation systems; strengthen the stable supply of critical instruments and equipment, essential foundational software, large-scale industrial software, industry-specific application software, industrial control systems, and key components, thereby ensuring the secure operation of core systems. Additionally, ensure the resilience of supply chains for essential goods required for basic living, so that, even under extreme circumstances, the public’s access to these necessities remains largely unaffected.

　　 (34) Promote the development of emergency management capabilities.

　　Enhance emergency response capabilities for extremely serious and major emergencies. Strengthen the development of an emergency supplies and equipment support system, bolstering the provision of emergency resources in public health, disaster relief, and other critical areas, and refine the five-tier emergency supplies reserve network spanning central, provincial, municipal, county, and township levels. Establish national-level emergency supplies depots, upgrade local emergency supplies and rescue‑equipment warehouses, and prioritize the allocation of central emergency reserves to the central and western regions as well as areas prone to frequent disasters. Optimize the regional distribution of key emergency‑related production capacities, implement a program to build up emergency‑product manufacturing capacity reserves, encourage enterprises to fulfill their social responsibilities by establishing necessary capacity buffers, develop regional emergency‑supply production and logistics hubs, and improve the national emergency resource management platform. Improve the emergency decision‑making support system and establish research and development laboratories for emergency technologies and equipment. Accelerate efforts to enhance emergency logistics delivery and rapid response capabilities, and further refine the emergency broadcasting system.

　　Strengthen the development of emergency rescue capabilities. Improve the aviation‑based emergency rescue system, and advance the research, development, and deployment of next‑generation intelligent equipment, large aerial firefighting aircraft, specialized rescue gear, and specialized construction machinery. Intensify efforts to build comprehensive fire and rescue teams, professional rescue units, and community‑based rescue organizations, and promote the modernization of rescue capabilities. Accelerate the construction of public fire‑protection infrastructure in both urban and rural areas, and carry out upgrades to fire‑safety systems in key facilities. Enhance life‑saving measures in critical sectors such as hazardous chemicals, mining, and road transportation, and bolster the capacity to prevent and control major safety‑production risks.

　　Advance the development of disaster and accident prevention and control capabilities. Support the construction of disaster‑resilient infrastructure in both urban and rural areas, and upgrade key facilities for flood and drought management, earthquake and disaster mitigation, wind‑ and tide‑resistance, forest and grassland fire prevention and suppression, and the prevention and control of seismic and geological hazards. Enhance urban flood‑control and drainage capacity, and progressively establish and refine a comprehensive flood‑control and drainage system. Optimize the spatial layout of disaster‑prevention, disaster‑reduction, and disaster‑relief facilities, strengthen the safety reinforcement of public infrastructure, and accelerate the development of an urban–rural emergency shelter network. Strengthen science, technology, and information‑based support for disaster prevention, reduction, and relief as well as workplace safety, and expedite the establishment of an integrated sky–ground–earth disaster‑monitoring and early‑warning system and an emergency communications network. Develop catastrophe insurance.

　 　XI. Implementation and Assurance

　　 (35) Strengthen the Party’s overall leadership

　　All regions and departments must thoroughly study and implement Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, strengthen the “Four Consciousnesses,” firmly uphold the “Four Confidences,” and ensure the “Two Upholds.” They should continuously enhance their political discernment, political comprehension, and political execution, and constantly improve their political competence, strategic vision, and professional expertise in grasping the new stage of development, implementing the new development philosophy, and fostering the new development paradigm, while ensuring the effective implementation of major tasks and policies. Furthermore, they should fully mobilize the enthusiasm, initiative, and creativity of all relevant parties in carrying out the strategy of expanding domestic demand, thereby providing robust organizational support for achieving the key objectives set forth in the planning outline.

　　 (36) Improve the organizational coordination mechanism

　　All relevant departments should strengthen inter‑ministerial coordination in implementing the strategy to expand domestic demand, play a coordinating and overarching role, and ensure the effective execution of all related measures. They should regularly formulate implementation plans for the strategy, further refining and concretizing the major tasks and policies set out in the strategic outline. Local governments at all levels should act proactively and adapt measures to local conditions, integrate the implementation of the strategy into their economic and social development plans, and, based on actual circumstances, develop region‑specific policies and measures. They must firmly shoulder their responsibilities for carrying out the strategy, innovate approaches to planning and organizing its implementation, harness the contributions of all stakeholders, and resolutely guard against formalism and bureaucratic practices.

　　 (37) Strengthen policy coordination and synergy

　　Improve macroeconomic governance, continuously innovate and refine macroregulation, and strengthen the coordinated support of macro policies for implementing the strategy to expand domestic demand. Focus on leveraging the guiding role of planning outlines, enhance the synergy among fiscal, monetary, employment, industrial, investment, consumption, environmental protection, and regional policies, and foster a concerted policy effort to boost domestic demand. Closely monitor and analyze the implementation of policies and changes in the domestic demand landscape, bolster policy research and reserves for expanding domestic demand, refine the mechanisms for policy formulation and execution, strengthen the evaluation of policy effectiveness, and ensure the smooth achievement of strategic objectives.

　 　(38) Strengthen publicity and guidance efforts.

　　All regions and relevant departments should intensify publicity and guidance on the strategy to expand domestic demand, making comprehensive use of various media channels and employing popular, engaging formats to provide in-depth explanations of the new measures and requirements under this strategy, thereby further fostering a strong societal atmosphere. They should promptly summarize the outcomes of implementing the planning outline, thoroughly identify and highlight successful cases from different regions, sectors, and enterprises in expanding domestic demand, and, through diverse means, timely distill and disseminate best practices and effective approaches.